فصلنامه دراسات الادب المعاصر
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 55، خریف 2022)

Abnormality, that is, deviation from the rules governing the language of the norm and non-conformity with the standard and conventional language, which causes the dynamics of the language, which has caused poets in different languages ​​to show great interest in this way. Abnormality as an outstanding linguistic technique can enrich poetry and bring it to the border of poetry. This technique can be manifested in various components of poetry. In this regard, an attempt has been made to examine this issue in the divan of the four poets considered in this research, namely Yousef Al-Khal, Boland Al-Heydari, Nima Yoshij and Ahmad Shamloo as a poet-making element.From the commonalities of the poems of these four poets, the high frequency of semantic aberrations in their poems and what is evident is that these poets in their time were considered as poets breaking the tradition and the voice of protest and anger of the society in which they lived. They have reflected with this type of norm-breaking, and thus each of them has been introduced as a poet with a style, and in the same way, they have attracted their audience to them.

Stylistic studies intend to study the structure of poetry and to analyze its parts and the purpose is to reveal its arrangement according to the phonological, structural and rhetorical levels, in order to distinguish between the literary products and to judge the volubility of it; the literary text is interspersed with weakness and refraction. stylistics studies intend to study stylistic structures in literary discourse, "the rhythmic, synthetic and semantic structure." Its purpose is to reveal the relationships that bind these structures, in order to reach the uniqueness of the literary discourse in terms of its linguistic structure and the realization of the artistic and literary value that lies behind it. This study aimed to study the stylistics and style of language and terminology and its three levels: The phonemic level, the semantic level, and the syntactic level, and made a stylistic comparison in two poems: One is Shams al-Din al-Kufi and the other for Ibn Shahid. In the first poem, the poet laments his beloved city "Baghdad" and in the other he weeps for his loss of “Cordoba”. After studying the stylistic features and characteristics in both poems and comparing them, the conclusion is that both poets have used stylistic features to give it meanings that the apparent language is unable to convey to the recipient. Upon comparison, it became clear that each of them had surpassed in some characteristics over its owner and failed in others. and there is an intentional balance in the rhythm of the two poems.

The manifestations of sadness, anxiety and loss of intellectual and social balance, are different manifestations of the feeling of alienation in man. The contemporary Arab poet, as an educated person with strong emotions, whether he lives under colonialism or under regimes that confiscate freedom, suffers from all kinds of loss and alienation, so he loses his humanity and becomes unable to communicate with society and with his forgotten self. Soraya Al-Areedh faced in her life bitter struggles with colonialism and internal tyranny, and she spent a long time in an intellectual struggle with herself and the society around her. Away from the homeland, bewilderment with eternity, failure in love and loss of maternal care, feeling lost and lost in the world and spiritual loneliness in it, boredom with society and its traditions, and the experience of political tyranny, are among the most important factors for the emergence of the feeling of alienation in Soraya Al-Arid. In its study plan, this article relies on the descriptive-analytical approach and investigates the types of alienation and then applies it to poetic models of the poet as a prominent writer in contemporary Kuwaiti poetry. It was reflected in her hair.

There is an agreement between Shiites and Sunnis that the Holy Qur'an does not contain any distortion, increase or decrease, for sure. Of course, they provide documents from the Qur'an itself and from the Sunnah as well. Including His saying, Blessed and Exalted be He: “It is We who have sent down the Remembrance, and we will preserve it” (Al-Hijr 9). However, some orientalists took the path of challenging the Holy Qur’an by questioning the history of codification and compilation of the Holy Qur’an by analogy with their sacred books that were collected and codified during a long history after their prophets. So we made a comparison between the history of the Noble Qur’an and the history of the Old Testament; Until it becomes clear to us clearly that the Noble Qur’an continues and remains without any distortion, because it was collected and written down during the era of the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace. Our study came in response to the statements of orientalists who said the Holy Qur’an has been distorted by dissecting their methodology in challenging the Holy Qur’an in its collection and codification, and by also showing the absurdity of their suspicions. The research was based on the inductive-analytical approach to reveal their malice through the belief of their scholars.

This research seeks to study the role of culture and its place in teaching the foreign language, its effect on learning the foreign language, and its effect on learning the Arabic language as an external language. In learning the external language, including Arabic, and its proportional use, the teaching of culture has not only influenced different contexts, but also in places where culture is taught with the external language, which is inevitable, we can use different methods.In fact, teaching the Arabic language outside the framework of the cultural destination language was not useful except that it accompanies some of the characteristics of the culture of that language’s society. Therefore, solving issues related to language and culture helps the quality of the process of teaching the Arabic language as an external language and achieves the scientific objectiveThe important point in learning a foreign language is that, given the culture trends of societies to learn foreign languages, we find that this approach is influenced by culture in the general sense of the word. This research, on the one hand, attempts to study the role of language and culture in teaching the Arabic language by looking at these two concepts. To achieve this goal, we have dealt with the theoretical investigations presented in this area and provide examples to illustrate the discussion. On the other hand, issues related to the process of language teaching and learning are studied in this field. In this research, we relied on the descriptive-analytical method.

The current essay, based on library studies and analysis and description methods, focuses on the criticism of the novel Love in the Age of Oil, which is based on the theory of temporary separation of women from men. Feminists in the most recent period proposed this theory in order to create a suitable space to recover oneself and create works worthy of this theory. This research shows that the character of the heroine of the story, who runs away from home to find female goddesses and return them to authority, suffers from a mental crisis of ambivalence and conflicting goals and values. In the course of the events of the story, the female protagonist in the second environment faces far more deplorable conditions that lead to the failure of her plan, so she decides to run away home. The analysis of the story proves that in this work, separatism has turned from a solution to a problem, the slogan of feminists about the non-discrimination of gender in employment has failed, the character of the female protagonist has become lower than before by running away, and finally, the singer is a man who violates women's rights. is aligned and empathetic. It also becomes clear that all these ambivalences that work against feminism and especially the theory of separatism happened unintentionally. Since the author of the story, Nawal Al-Sadawi, is a defender of Islamic feminism, these gross contradictions are probably more than anything rooted in the internal contradictions of the said attitude.

Re-reading hereditary characters is one of the foundations and new tools of expressing aesthetics on which poets rely to create their own images and innovations. Contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry have benefited greatly from hereditary characters, so that we are witnessing the increasing use of these artistic tools by contemporary poets. Meanwhile, the Iraqi poet, Adnan Al-Sayegh and the Iranian poet, Seyyed Ali Garmaroudi have paid significant attention to hereditary characters. Accordingly, they have given human dimensions to their poetic purposes and inspired their artistic experience by being inspired by deep thoughts and reflecting on the issues of rich times. With their artistic and literary experience, the two poets linked the audience's cry to the hereditary characters in fighting against the world arrogance. Done via a comparative research method, and based on the American School of Comparative Studies, the present paper made significant results such as the two poets’ efforts to create an aesthetic instrument of hereditary characters to serve the literary subject and enrich the meaning. Linguistic expressions and the discovery of their insistence or emphasis are summarized. Therefore, the characters, in a norm-breaking manner, carry new meanings and semantic horizons in order to reduce the richness and inherent dimension of contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry and to keep the poems away from direct speech and interpretation. By using Islamic heritage personalities and heritage codes, the two poets seek to awaken a sense of national identity among the people in the face of aggressors.

Mahmood Muhammad Al- mousavi known as Mahmood Manaf is one of the anonymous poets in the world of Arab literature today. In addition to his poetic language, he is famous for his poetic genius out of which he gained invaluable experiences. They give value to the generations with the framework of linguistic elements, aiming at accomplishing perfection. Employing descriptive-analytic research method, the present study seeks to investigate one of his doctrinal poems named " major debate" based on Roman Jacobson's theory. Jacobson presents six language functions within his communicative theory: motivating, emotive, poetic, uniting (or possessive), symbolic and metalingual. The study also, relying on three stylistic levels, namely intellectual, literal and linguistic, investigates his poetic functions with a view on emotive, poetic and motivating functions. One of the findings of the study indicates that the poet is honest in his enthusiasm since he uses complete ballade which is one the most comprehensive ballades; he uses that in order to highlight simple and unsophisticated emotions such as rage, joy and pride. Likewise, another conclusion is that the proportion of voiced letters is more than that of voiceless ones, which is in concordance with the general atmosphere of the poem because it shows the severity of his anger at the Umayyad’s policy. In all these matters, we see emotive and motivating functions as an outstanding role. The conclusion reached at out of the stylistic investigation of imagery and its function in this ballade is that Mahmud Manaf employs simile and metaphor .

The novel "alkaferah" is the twelfth of the Iraqi writer's series of novels. Ali Badr, Badr touched on the political conditions and the crisis social issues in Iraq at the present time, so that the addressee absorbed the suffering of the people, social problems and the events of the country. The study focused on revealing the dominant violence and barbarism and its profound impact on the Iraqi street.. This study, depending on the social method, seeks to study the “infidel” novel, where the novel focused on the outbreak of the ongoing war, terrorism, violence and insecurity, and thus on the basic issues in the life of the defeated Iraqi individual. On his issues ranging from betrayal, aggression, alienation, chaos, prejudice and gender inequality to suicide, the writer highlights the phenomenon of violence in his novel and expresses it in various ways. The novel in general highlights reality and social issues; The book is based on an in-depth examination of the personality of the individual and Iraqi society; It expresses the details of this society; Identifies its shortcomings and shortcomings; He mentions the types of violence in the novel. From the writer’s point of view, avoiding violence and altars can only be achieved if the society is cohesive, cohesive and socially harmonious, in which it criticizes in particular the surrounding social situation and social conditions, as well as the current realities of Iraqi society, the suffering of the working classes and the inferiority of society,

The problem of the relationship with the Western or foreign "other" has been one of the most important issues that preoccupied many researchers throughout the past century. The aim of analyzing the image of the “other” here is to clarify the image of the Western personality, in particular the American one, from an Arab perspective, to deepen awareness of the self and the world, to identify the positions that stand behind the formation of the image of the “other” and to try to identify the features of the true image of him, by focusing on the descriptive-analytical approach. The study concluded that Inaam Kaja Ji portrayed the issues of the American "other" in abundance in her novel, reflecting her characters to deal with the other through different currents and differing in their positions between rejecting, conservative and agreeing. The image of the American "other" in the novel came to establish a state of doubt in many of the concepts and postulates of the "I", meaning the Iraqi person, which appeared in the character of the heroine Zina as a result of some actions and behaviors that result from the "other", as it makes the "I" live in a maze. The contradiction of exile and belonging affects the formation of the image of the “other” in the novel due to the factor of war, so that the plight of man appears between two nations, and this is evident in the psyche of the characters.

The critical discourse analysis is one of the new trends examining the social dimensions of discourse. In this approach, discourse is examined in the context of the social situation contained in the text. One of its pioneers is Norman Fairclough, whose interest in critical discourse analysis is related to language and society. This approach is based on three levels: description, Interpretation and explanation. Chicago novel is one of the most famous modern Egyptian ones by Alaa al-Aswani, which discusses Egyptian issues in a premodern context. In this article, we examine the critical analysis of Alaa al-Aswani's novel "Chicago" based on three levels of Norman Fairclough's theory in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results show that words and structures such as; pronouns and adverbs,and the type of news and composition sentences play an important role in the novel's discourse and events. The level of Interpretation, the context of the discourse and the type of ideology in the text show us that Aswani criticizes colonial countries such as the United States and the dictatorial regime of Egypt, and points out that Egypt is the center of a great civilization. The author reflects on the level of domination and ideology in the text, and the most important ideology in this novel is the critique of US intervention in the Middle East and Egypt, as well as the dictatorial regime of Hosni Mubarak supported by the United States. He also discusses other issues such as; Westernization of intellectuals, racism, dictatorship, poverty, and authoritarianism .

During the history of story-telling literature, many authors have utilized their life events and experiences to compose stories and novels. As its prominent samples in Persian and Arabic story literature are the novels "Al-khobz Alkhafi written by a Moroccan author, "mohammad Shokri" and "Neighbors" written by an Iranian author ", Ahmad Masoud . These two mentioned novels have reflected a part of their authors' early ages of their adolescence until their entrance to their youth.Therefore, The term "autobiography novel" can be imputed to them. In structural and thematic aspects of two novels, many similarities have been observed and these similarities have impelled the authors to consider them according to their minor differences exist within their similarities. Consequently, the matter of this essay was what similarities are considerable in structural and thematic aspects. The general conclusion of this essay is that the story of both novels began at the same point of their heros' (protagonists') life.Both were forced to work in teahouse during their adolescence. Both heroes were involved in polotical and protesting crisis of their countries. Both novels are narrated from the same point of view. Two authors have characterized their novels' heroesThe heroes of both novels are changeable. Both novels are open-ending